Since the Internet is an international network and there are currently no international laws regulating pornography, each country deals with Internet pornography differently. Generally, if the act depicted in the pornographic content is legal in the jurisdiction that it is being distributed from then the distributor of such content would not be in violation of the law regardless of whether it is accessible in countries where it is illegal. This does not apply to those who access the pornography, however, as they could still be prosecuted under local laws in their country. Due to enforcement problems in anti-pornography laws over the Internet, countries that prohibit or heavily restrict access to pornography have taken other approaches to limit access by their citizens, such as employing content filters.
Many activists and politicians have expressed concern over the easy availability of Internet pornography, especially by minors. This has led to a variety of attempts to restrict children's access to Internet pornography such as the 1996 Communications Decency Act in the United States. Some companies use an Adult Verification System to deny access to pornography by minors. However, most Adult Verification Systems charge fees that are substantially higher than the actual costs of any verification they do (for example, in excess of $10/month) and are really part of a revenue collection scheme where sites encourage users to sign up for an AVS system, and get a percentage of the proceeds in return.
Most employers have distinct policies against the accessing of any kind of online pornographic material from company computers, in addition to which some have also installed comprehensive filters and logging software in their local computer networks. There have been numerous reports of employees being reprimanded or fired because of related policy violations.
One area of Internet pornography that has been the target of the strongest efforts at curtailment is child pornography. Because of this, most Internet pornography websites based in the U.S. have a notice on their front page that they comply with 18 USC Section 2257, which requires the keeping of records regarding the age of the people depicted in photographs, along with displaying the Name of the company record keeper. Some site operators outside the U.S. have begun to include this compliance statement on their websites as well.
[edit] Porn-blocking Web filters
A variety of Content-control software is available to block pornography and other classifications of material from particular computers or (usually company-owned) networks. Commercially available Web filters include Bess, Net Nanny, and others. Various work-arounds and bypasses are available for these products; Peacefire is one of the more notable clearinghouses for such countermeasures.
Non-nude photography (as called by its supporters) mommy loves cock or non-nude pornography (as sometimes called by critics or outside observers) is an online movement, a genre of photography, and an assortment of like-minded online communities that focus on the collection, creation, and distribution of digital photographs and videos of human subjects. The material is often—but not always—sexually suggestive and provocative in nature, but never features full nudity or sexually explicit material. Non-nude photography of both candid subjects and professional models can include the subject in normal street clothes, in swimwear, in lingerie such as thongs and even unclothed through careful posing such as the handbra. The term "non-nude pornography" is never used within the NN community. "NN" and "non-nude" are the most common names, but "non-nude photography" is sometimes used. An offline relative of NN are lad mags such as Maxim and FHM which distribute images intended to arouse, but which do not feature direct nudity—they may, however, feature implied nudity. Still, some consider NN to be a form of pornography because of its basic purpose, the sexual arousal of viewers and distributors. Others consider it an alternative to pornography, and many NN participants express a dislike for pornography.
The origins of the movement are up to debate, but many in the NN community trace their roots to various Usenet photography groups in the days before the internet. Many NN sites have existed for years, although there is a high turnover rate and a number of major sites—and hundreds of obscure sites—come and go each year. The use of personal computers and high-speed Internet connections has definitely proliferated growth and popularity of NN among younger web-surfers.
Contents
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* 1 The issue of age
* 2 Types of non-nude photography
o 2.1 "Webfinds" NN sites and communities
o 2.2 Candid NN sites and communities
o 2.3 NN modeling sites
o 2.4 Hybrid NN sites and communities
* 3 References
[edit] The issue of age
The subjects of NN media are almost always female—very few male or coed NN sites exist—usually teenagers and young adults. Many NN communities focus on underaged teenagers (13-17), but most have no particular age focus, and many are 18+ only. Most NN communities forbid and condemn the posting of images of pre-pubescent children or anyone under the age of 13, and many sites have stricter age limits, as high as 18 in many cases. Child modeling sites which feature prepubescent models are generally not considered part of the NN community.
Underage NN is popular among those who wish to look at images of attractive adolescents but do not want to risk encountering child pornography, which is a serious crime. Although non-sexually explicit underage photographs are not illegal in the United States, NN sites with underage content have occasionally been condemned by child advocacy groups or subjected to increased scrutiny by law enforcement. Negative media attention about underage photography has prompted many NN sites to implement an 18+ rule. NN communities mommy loves cock also vary in the level of provocativeness or sexual innuendo they allow, and whether or not they permit "implied nudity"—such as a subject wearing only a towel or covering her bare breasts with her hands. Enforcement of age and content restrictions is often sporadic, as the ages of the subjects of NN photographs are often unknown; usually decisions about the age of a subject or the appropriateness of a picture are left to the subjective discretion of a webmaster or forum moderator.
An additional factor to the issue of girls underage for sites based in the United States is that while sites must all obey the federal child pornography laws of the United States, they only need follow the more stringent laws if they exist of their own state, not any other adjacent states or states in the union. As such many sites featuring models under the age of 18 would be illegal and subject to prosection in states with stricter child pornography laws, yet due to the internets falling under freedom of speech and interstate commerce legislation, they can base themselves out of states with more open laws or ones that only use the exact same guildlines as the federal government. It is then perfectly legal what they do, as well as most often for people in other states to view them (though that is not always the case and in some states having the material on your computer in anyway is a crime). This is why several such sites use Colorado and Florida as their location, as those two states have relatively lenient child pornography laws. So far attempts to close up this grey area of U.S. law have failed, with federal legislation not making it through either the House or Senate on at least one occasion, and the US Supreme Court refusing to address the issue yet.
Older men who frequent NN sites with underage content could be classified as ephebophiles. Fans of NN often consider it a hobby and cite number of reasons for participation: some are turned off by sexually explicit images; others prefer the look of clothed people to nudes; some wish to avoid the stigma or consequences of visiting pornographic websites; and others simply point out that many attractive people refuse to be photographed nude.
[edit] Types of non-nude photography
Another example of NN photography
Another example of NN photography
NN communities can exist in a number of different forms, such as Usenet news groups, IRC channels, traditional static websites, message boards and other forums, Yahoo groups, and even blogs. However, NN communities are generally categorized by their technical incarnation but rather by the source of their content.
NN material comes from a number of different sources. NN sites and communities can be divided into several broad categories or sub-genres, although not all sites will fit cleanly into a single category.
[edit] "Webfinds" NN sites and communities mommy loves cock
These are websites that harvest images or video from pre-existing online communities (such as NonNudeGirls Webshots, Pbase, Flickr, or Photobucket). There is no regularly-used name for this subgenre; "webfinds" is rarely used, but often these types of sites are just referred to simply as "NN" with no further qualifiers to distinguish them from the other types. Many of the pictures on these sites were not originally created for the purpose of sexual gratification. Their presence on NN sites often constitutes copyright infringement, as these photographs are often obtained, reproduced, and distributed entirely without the permission of their original owners or copyright holders. In addition, they are often removed from their original context, and could thus be considered humiliating or even damaging once placed in their new, sexual context. For legal reasons, paysites do not usually fall into this category, although many sites of this type attempt to make money through advertising.
Additionally, the "webfinds" genre includes a small variety of nonnude websites who produce content based on surfer submissions. With standard "webfound" sites, content is normally taken/stolen from an originating source and reposted on the "webfound" site. Based on the legal implications and emotional impact this can have on persons who find themselves on a "webfound" site, a new outlet was formed and surfer submission based nonnude began. Sites backed by surfer submissions allowed individuals wanting to be in the lime light a means by which they could publicly post their pictures for anyone to see and in most cases comment on. The concept is similar to that of a voyeur, but much more disconnected, and not as defamatory as simply publishing nude/hardcore photos.
[edit] Candid NN sites and communities
This is where photographers (either professional or amateur) host or submit photographs that they have taken, usually of strangers in public places. Much candid NN photography is taken "on the street" or in malls of subjects in regular clothing, but much is also taken at places like beaches and swimming pools where subjects can be photographed in swimwear. Although taking photographs of people without consent is often considered unethical or controversial, candid photography of this type is generally legally protected in the United States, although it may sometimes violate rules that some public places establish against photography. Photographs taken of subjects in private settings without their knowledge is not generally considered part of NN, and belongs instead to the voyeur genre of photography. So-called "upskirt" and similar photography is generally not accepted by the NN community for reasons of ethics and legality. Many candid sites are run by the photographers whose work they feature, while others accept republish submissions by other photographers sometimes in exchange for monetary payments or free access to paysites. A number of candid paysites exist, although most are free and supported by advertising.
[edit] NN modeling sites
These feature photographs or mommy loves cock videos created with the participation of a model. These sites may feature one model or multiple models; sites that feature a single model usually include the model's name in the site title. A majority of these sites require payment in order to access their full content. They are often structured similarly to regular pornographic paysites—except for lack of nudity and sexually explicit material—and often use the same billing systems such as Verotel or CCBill. NN models are almost all female usually ranging in age from 18 to early 20's. Some underage girls are known to have websites, but these are considered to be of the "internet child modeling" genre, and not the "Non Nude" niche.
The subject of underage models is controversial in the United States, but the genre currently remains legal as long as no sexually explicit images are involved. Because of the controversy and the potential for future legal restrictions, some billers and credit card companies refuse to accept payments for underage modeling sites limiting the methods by which the webmasters of such sites can obtain payment. Many NN models are active participants in NN forums, and many have their own forums on their sites.
[edit] Hybrid NN sites and communities
These feature a combination of the above techniques, mostly "webfinds" and candids with a smaller amount of modeling content. Candids and modeling pictures are sometimes posted by or with the permission of the copyright holder, but are sometimes reposted without permission from other NN sites. Copyright infringement against other NN sites is treated much more harshly by the NN community than the day-to-day copyright infringement that defines the "webfinds" subgenre of NN, since stealing from NN sites is seen as undermining the community, while stealing from non-NN sources brings new material into the community.
Pornographic films are motion pictures that explicitly depict sexual intercourse and other sexual acts, typically for the purpose of sexual arousal in the viewer. They appeared shortly after the creation of the motion picture in the early 1900s. Pornographic films have much in common with other forms of pornography. Pornography is often referred to as "porn" and a pornographic work as a "porno." Older names for a pornographic movie include "adult film," "stag film," and "blue movie." In general, "softcore" refers to pornography that does not depict penetration or "extreme fetish" acts, while "hardcore" refers to pornography that depicts penetration and/or extreme fetish acts.
Throughout its history, the movie camera has been used for pornography, but for most of that time pornographic movies were typically available only by underground distribution, for projection at home or in private clubs. Only in the 1970s were pornographic films semi-legitimized; by the 1980s, pornography on home video achieved distribution unimagined only decades earlier. The rise of the internet in the late 1990s and early 2000s similarly changed distribution of pornography, and furthermore complicated legal prosecution of obscenity mommy loves cock.
Pornography is a thriving, financially profitable business: according to a 2004 Reuters article, "The multi-billion-dollar industry releases about 11,000 titles on DVD each year, giving it tremendous power to sway the battle between two groups of studios and technology companies competing to set standards for the next generation".[1]
Contents
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* 1 History
o 1.1 Early examples
o 1.2 1960s and 1970s: Changing laws, changing attitudes
o 1.3 Porn chic
o 1.4 1970s and 1980s: New technology, new legal cases
o 1.5 1990s
o 1.6 2000s
* 2 Legal status
* 3 Sub-genres
* 4 Criticism
* 5 AIDS and the porn industry
* 6 See also
* 7 Sources
[edit] History
[edit] Early examples
Images from early Austrian erotic movies (about 1906, by photographer Johann Schwarzer and his Saturn Film company).
Images from early Austrian erotic movies (about 1906, by photographer Johann Schwarzer and his Saturn Film company).
See also: History of erotic depictions
Pornographic films are the latest in a long series of erotic or pornographic depictions mommy loves cock.
Pornographic motion pictures are nearly as old as the medium itself. According to Patrick Robertson's Film Facts, "the earliest pornographic motion picture which can definitely be dated is A L'Ecu d'Or ou la bonne auberge", made in France in 1908; the plot depicts a weary soldier who has a tryst with an inn's servant girl. Robertson notes that the Argentine pornographic film El Satario might be even older; it has been dated to somewhere between 1907 and 1912. Robertson notes that "the oldest surviving pornographic films are contained in America's Kinsey Collection." One film demonstrates how early pornographic conventions were established. The German film Am Abend (c. 1910) is, as Robertson writes, "a ten-minute film which begins with a woman masturbating alone in her bedroom, and progresses to scenes of her with a man performing sex, fellatio and anal penetration." (Robertson, p. 66)
Pornographic movies were widespread in the silent movie era of the 1920s, and were often shown in brothels. Many pornographic films were made in subsequent decades, but given the usually clandestine nature of the filming and distribution, details of such "stag films" are often difficult to obtain. It is probably reasonable to assume that many sexually explicit films made before about 1950 are lost forever mommy loves cock.
[edit] 1960s and 1970s: Changing laws, changing attitudes
